① oracle数据库怎么建分区
一般语法:
sql">createtablet_test(
pk_idnumber(30)notnull,
add_date_timeDATE,
constraintPK_T_TESTprimarykey(pk_id)
)
PARTITIONBYRANGE(add_date_time)
(
PARTITIONt_test_2013_lessVALUESLESSTHAN(TO_DATE('2013-01-0100:00:00','yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss'))TABLESPACETS_MISPS,
PARTITIONt_test_2013VALUESLESSTHAN(TO_DATE('2014-01-0100:00:00','yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss'))TABLESPACETS_MISPS,
PARTITIONt_test_2014VALUESLESSTHAN(TO_DATE('2015-01-0100:00:00','yyyy-mm-ddhh24:mi:ss'))TABLESPACETS_MISPS
);
② 将日期转换成标准年月日时分秒形式插入数据库
如果是当前系统时间,,你就直接在sql语句里面getdate()
到数据库获取系统时间。。。
不然就要把java.util.date
类型转换成java.sql.date
java.util.date
ud
=
new
date();
java.sql.date sd
=
new
java.sql.date(ud.gettime());
③ tomcat无法访问数据库,
查看URL地址有没有错,http,IP,服务名(服务名需要与Linux系统一致)
在Apache访问成功的基础上,看下这三个地方数据库名、账户、密码是否一致
连接成功会有返回数据,如最后一图
④ 如何将ORACLE数据库数据文件迁移到其它目录
您好,很高兴为您解答。
源数据库数据文件位置:/u01/oradata/orcl
实验中想把数据文件迁移到的位置:/u01/oradata/orcl_test
源数据库数据文件位置:
sys@ORCL> select file_name from dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME
----------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf
/u01/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf
/u01/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf
/u01/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf
sys@ORCL> select file_name from dba_temp_files;
FILE_NAME
----------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl/temp01.dbf
sys@ORCL> col member for a30
sys@ORCL> select member from v$logfile ;
MEMBER
------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl/redo01.log
/u01/oradata/orcl/redo02.log
/u01/oradata/orcl/redo03.log
需要移动所有的数据文件,采用alter database 方法
1、关闭数据库
sys@ORCL> shutdown immediate
Database closed.
Database dismounted.
ORACLE instance shut down.
2、移动数据文件到/u01/oradata/orcl_test目录
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl]$ pwd
/u01/oradata/orcl
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl]$ mv * /u01/oradata/orcl_test/
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl]$ ls
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl]$ cd /u01/oradata/orcl_test/
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl_test]$ ls
control01.ctl control03.ctl redo02.log sysaux01.dbf temp01.dbf users01.dbf
control02.ctl redo01.log redo03.log system01.dbf undotbs01.dbf
3、修改控制文件位置
[oracle@ora10gserv /]$ sqlplus /nolog
SQL*Plus: Release 10.2.0.1.0 - Proction on Tue Aug 2 00:05:27 2011
Copyright (c) 1982, 2005, Oracle. All rights reserved.
SQL> conn /as sysdba
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 465567744 bytes
Fixed Size 1220024 bytes
Variable Size 146801224 bytes
Database Buffers 314572800 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
SQL> create pfile='/u01/initorcl.ora' from spfile;
File created.
SQL> host vi /u01/initorcl.ora
orcl.__db_cache_size=314572800
orcl.__java_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__large_pool_size=4194304
orcl.__shared_pool_size=138412032
orcl.__streams_pool_size=0
*.audit_file_dest='/dba/admin/orcl/amp'
*.background_mp_dest='/dba/admin/orcl/bmp'
*.compatible='10.2.0.1.0'
*.control_file_record_keep_time=14
*.control_files='/u01/oradata/orcl_test/control01.ctl','/u01/oradata/orcl_test/control02.ctl','/u01/oradata/orcl_test/control03.ctl'
*.core_mp_dest='/dba/admin/orcl/cmp'
*.db_block_size=8192
*.db_domain='lsf.com.cn'
*.db_file_multiblock_read_count=16
*.db_name='orcl'
*.db_recovery_file_dest='/dba/flash_recovery_area'
*.db_recovery_file_dest_size=2147483648
*.dispatchers='(PROTOCOL=TCP) (SERVICE=orclXDB)'
*.job_queue_processes=10
*.log_archive_dest_1='location=/u01/arch_orcl'
*.open_cursors=300
*.pga_aggregate_target=154140672
*.processes=1000
*.remote_login_passwordfile='EXCLUSIVE'
*.sessions=2000
*.sga_target=463470592
*.undo_management='AUTO'
*.undo_retention=10800
*.undo_tablespace='UNDOTBS1'
*.user_mp_dest='/dba/admin/orcl/ump'
SQL> shutdown immediate
ORA-01507: database not mounted
ORACLE instance shut down.
SQL> create spfile from pfile='/u01/initorcl.ora';
File created.
4、启动数据库到mount状态,更改数据文件位置
idle> startup mount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 465567744 bytes
Fixed Size 1220024 bytes
Variable Size 146801224 bytes
Database Buffers 314572800 bytes
Redo Buffers 2973696 bytes
Database mounted.
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/system01.dbf' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/system01.dbf';
Database altered.
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/undotbs01.dbf' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/undotbs01.dbf';
Database altered.
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/sysaux01.dbf' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/sysaux01.dbf';
Database altered.
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/users01.dbf' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/users01.dbf';
Database altered.
5、继续接着第4步,更改联机日志文件位置
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/redo01.log' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/redo01.log';
Database altered.
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/redo02.log' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/redo02.log';
Database altered.
idle> alter database rename file '/u01/oradata/orcl/redo03.log' to '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/redo03.log';
Database altered.
6、打开数据库
idle> alter database open;
Database altered.
idle> conn /as sysdba
Connected.
sys@ORCL> select file_name from dba_data_files;
FILE_NAME
----------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/system01.dbf
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/undotbs01.dbf
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/sysaux01.dbf
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/users01.dbf
sys@ORCL> select file_name from dba_temp_files;
FILE_NAME
----------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl/temp01.dbf
sys@ORCL> col member for a40
sys@ORCL> select member from v$logfile;
MEMBER
----------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/redo01.log
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/redo02.log
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/redo03.log
sys@ORCL> col name for a50
sys@ORCL> select name from v$controlfile;
NAME
--------------------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/control01.ctl
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/control02.ctl
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/control03.ctl
7、临时文件的处理
由于控制文件不记录临时文件的信息,所以不能使用alter database rename file 命令完成,只能删除掉原来的再创建一个
sys@ORCL> create temporary tablespace temp02 tempfile '/u01/oradata/orcl_test/temp02.dbf' size 200m autoextend on extent management local uniform size 1m;
Tablespace created.
sys@ORCL> alter database default temporary tablespace temp02;
Database altered.
sys@ORCL> drop tablespace temp including contents and datafiles;
Tablespace dropped.
sys@ORCL> select file_name from dba_temp_files;
FILE_NAME
----------------------------------------
/u01/oradata/orcl_test/temp02.dbf
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl_test]$ ls -l
total 1427572
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 7061504 Aug 2 00:20 control01.ctl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 7061504 Aug 2 00:20 control02.ctl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 7061504 Aug 2 00:20 control03.ctl
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 52429312 Aug 2 00:20 redo01.log
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 52429312 Aug 2 00:15 redo02.log
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 52429312 Aug 2 00:15 redo03.log
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 251666432 Aug 2 00:20 sysaux01.dbf
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 503324672 Aug 2 00:20 system01.dbf
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 209723392 Jul 21 22:00 temp01.dbf
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 209723392 Aug 2 00:20 temp02.dbf
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 419438592 Aug 2 00:20 undotbs01.dbf
-rw-r----- 1 oracle oinstall 104865792 Aug 2 00:15 users01.dbf
[oracle@ora10gserv orcl_test]$ rm -rf temp01.dbf
sys@ORCL> select username,temporary_tablespace from dba_users;
USERNAME TEMPORARY_TABLESPACE
------------------------------ ------------------------------
MGMT_VIEW TEMP02
SYS TEMP02
SYSTEM TEMP02
DBSNMP TEMP02
SYSMAN TEMP02
OUTLN TEMP02
MDSYS TEMP02
ORDSYS TEMP02
CTXSYS TEMP02
ANONYMOUS TEMP02
EXFSYS TEMP02
DMSYS TEMP02
WMSYS TEMP02
XDB TEMP02
ORDPLUGINS TEMP02
SI_INFORMTN_SCHEMA TEMP02
OLAPSYS TEMP02
MDDATA TEMP02
DIP TEMP02
TSMSYS TEMP02
20 rows selected.
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~ O(∩_∩)O~
⑤ oracle数据库实例名如何修改
1. 准备
原数据库的实例名为linuxdb,控制文件、数据文件、联机日志文件存放在/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/linuxdb目录,将所有的文件拷贝到另外一个目录/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest。
再将linuxdb 的初始化文件也复制一份出来,执行如下的sql:
Create pfile='/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/pfiledbtest.ora' from spfile='/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/spfilelinuxdb.ora';
我们将修改实例名为dbtest。
下面我们开始一步一步地进行处理。
2. 加载初始化文件
打开pfiledbtest.ora文件,修改对应的mp属性的路径名,实例名字,控制文件路径等。
然后执行如下命令:
[oracle@localhost oracle]$ export ORACLE_SID=dbtest
[oracle@localhost oracle]$ sqlplus "/ as sysdba"
SQL*Plus: Release 9.2.0.4.0 - Proction on Mon Aug 17 16:57:36 2009
Copyright (c) 1982, 2002, Oracle Corporation. All rights reserved.
Connected to an idle instance.
SQL> startup pfile='/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/pfiledbtest.ora' nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
SQL>
这样加载初始化文件就成功了。
下面接着进行,加载控制文件。
3. 加载控制文件
先执行如下命令。
SQL> alter database mount;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-00205: error in identifying controlfile, check alert log for more info
好像是控制文件的路径不对,修改初始文件再次加载。
SQL> alter database mount;
alter database mount
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01103: database name 'LINUXDB' in controlfile is not 'DBTEST'
根据错误信息提示,是实例名字不一致,但是控制文件是二进制的,用vi打开之后没法编辑,只能通过用重建控制文件可以解决。
在/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest目录下删除老的三个控制文件。然后开始重建控制文件。
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE "DBTEST" RESETLOGS FORCE LOGGING NOARCHIVELOG
2 MAXLOGFILES 16
3 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
4 MAXDATAFILES 100
5 MAXINSTANCES 8
6 MAXLOGHISTORY 292
7 LOGFILE
8 GROUP 1 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo01.log' SIZE 50M,
9 GROUP 2 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo02.log' SIZE 50M,
10 GROUP 3 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo03.log' SIZE 50M
11 DATAFILE
12 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/cwmlite01.dbf',
13 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/devbase_20090408.dbf',
14 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/drsys01.dbf',
15 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/example01.dbf',
16 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/indx01.dbf',
17 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/odm01.dbf',
18 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/system01.dbf',
19 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/tools01.dbf',
20 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/undotbs01.dbf',
21 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/users01.dbf',
22 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/xdb01.dbf'
23 CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK;
CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE "DBTEST" RESETLOGS FORCE LOGGING NOARCHIVELOG
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-01990: error opening password file '/home/oracle/ora9/oracle/dbs/orapw'
ORA-27037: unable to obtain file status
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
Additional information: 3
根据错误提示,是缺少密码验证文件,用下面的命令创建密码文件。
$cd $ORACLE_HOME/dbs
orapwd password=chenli file=orapwdbtest
SQL> CREATE CONTROLFILE SET DATABASE 'dbtest' RESETLOGS FORCE LOGGING NOARCHIVELOG
2 MAXLOGFILES 16
3 MAXLOGMEMBERS 3
4 MAXDATAFILES 100
5 MAXINSTANCES 8
6 MAXLOGHISTORY 292
7 LOGFILE
8 GROUP 1 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo01.log' SIZE 50M,
9 GROUP 2 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo02.log' SIZE 50M,
10 GROUP 3 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/redo03.log' SIZE 50M
11 DATAFILE
12 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/cwmlite01.dbf',
13 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/devbase_20090408.dbf',
14 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/drsys01.dbf',
15 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/example01.dbf',
16 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/indx01.dbf',
17 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/odm01.dbf',
18 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/system01.dbf',
19 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/tools01.dbf',
20 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/undotbs01.dbf',
21 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/users01.dbf',
22 '/home/oracle/ora9/oradata/dbtest/xdb01.dbf'
23 CHARACTER SET ZHS16GBK;
Control file created.
现在创建成功了。
创建控制文件成功了,下面重新启动数据库。
SQL> startup nomount
ORACLE instance started.
Total System Global Area 236000356 bytes
Fixed Size 451684 bytes
Variable Size 201326592 bytes
Database Buffers 33554432 bytes
Redo Buffers 667648 bytes
SQL> alter database mount;
Database altered.
SQL> alter database open;
alter database open
*
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01589: must use RESETLOGS or NORESETLOGS option for database open
SQL> alter database open RESETLOGS;
Database altered.
查看表中的记录,正确的。
修改实例名成功。
4. 总结
由上面的操作可以看到,在数据库维护中,最重要的是数据文件,初始化文件可以从别的实例拷贝过来,然后修改。控制文件可以重新创建,只要数据文件正确,就可以重建初始化文件和控制文件之后,恢复数据库。
遇到的错误:
ERROR at line 1:
ORA-01503: CREATE CONTROLFILE failed
ORA-00200: controlfile could not be created
ORA-00202: controlfile: '/home/ora/ora9/oradata/dbtest/control01.ctl'
ORA-27040: skgfrcre: create error, unable to create file
Linux Error: 2: No such file or directory
请查看初始化文件中,控制文件的路径是正确,控制文件的路径上的目录是否有权限创建文件,如果这些问题都解决了,那么应该能成功创建控制文件。
⑥ oracle数据库是怎样实现按月分区的求详细解答
代码简单就是你复制的那样
具体的实现方式就是
在你ORD_ACT_PART01 分区中,要存放日期小于2003年5月1号的数据,也就是存放2003年4月的,以及以前的所有
ORD_ACT_PART02 分区中存放2003年5月的数据,但是因为之前有了2003年4月的存放在分区1里,所以这里只存放5月的了,后边也类似
但是你这个吧,只建了3个分区,到存放7月的数据,就会提示插入错误了,因为你没有存放7月的分区,所以只能再建,语法就是跟楼上那些人写的差不多了
ALTER TABLE
ORDER_ACTIVITIES
ADD PARTITION ORD_ACT_PART04 VALUES LESS THAN
(TO_DATE('01-AUG-2003','DD-MON-YYYY')) TABLESPACE ORD_TS04
不过建议起名时最好p200301,p200302这样的一目了然
⑦ 数据库ORACLE里面的英文缩写
1.B.C.——British Columbia加拿大卑诗省的英文名,也称“英属哥伦比亚”省或“不列颠哥伦比亚”省
2.BCSIP——British Columbia Settlement and Integration Program卑诗省新移民安置及融入计划
3.CPP——Canada Pension Plan加拿大退休金计划
4.CIC——Citizenship and Immigration Canada加拿大公民及移民部
5.CPR——Canadian Pacific Railway加拿大太平洋铁路
6.EI——Employment Insurance就业保险
7.ESL——English as a Second Language英语作为第二语言
8.GIC——Guaranteed Investment Certificate保证投资回报存款证
9.GST——Goods and Services Tax货品服务税
10.ICBC——Insurance Corporation of British Columbia卑诗省汽车保险公司
11.ID——Identification身份证明文件
12.IFH——Interim Federal Health联邦政府临时医疗纸
13.MSP——Medical Services Plan医疗保健计划
14.OLA——Open Learning Agency公开成人教育中心
15.PST——Provincial Sales Tax省销售税
16.RCMP——Royal Canadian Mounted Police加拿大皇家骑警
17.RRSP——Registered Retirement Savings Plan注册退休储蓄计划
18.WCB——Worker's Compensation Board工人赔偿局
19.YMCA——Young Men's Christian Association基督教男青年会
20.YWCA——Young Women's Christian Association基督教女青年会
(以上缩写的发音是逐个英文字母念)
(以下缩写的发音是将缩写字母拼读)
21.CANN——Community Airport Newcomer's Network新移民社区适应及机场接待处
22.ICES——International Credential Evaluation Service国际文凭审核服务处
23.SAFER——Shelter Aid For Elderly Renters为老年租户提供租金援助计划
24.SIN——Social Insurance Number社会保险卡
星期
星期一:MONDAY=MON 星期二:TUESDAY=TUS
星期三:WENSEDAY=WEN 星期四:THURSDAY=THUR
星期五:FRIDAY=FRI 星期六:SATURDAY=SAT
星期天:SUNDAY=SUN
月份
一月份=JAN 二月份=FEB
三月份=MAR 四月份=APR
五月份=MAY 六月份=JUN
七月份=JUL 八月份=AUG
九月份=SEP 十月份=OCT
十一月份=NOV 十二月份=DEC
常用词
4=FOR 到永远=FOREVER
2=TO RTN=RETURN(送回)
BT=BLOOD TYPE(血型) PLS=PLEASE(请)
BD=BIRTHDAY(生日) REWARD=酬谢
REWARD 4 RETURN=送回有酬谢 ALLRG=过敏
军事术语
USMC=海军陆战队 NAVY=海军
AF=AIR FORCE(空军) ARMY=陆军
宗教类
C=CHRISTIANISM(基督教) J=JUDAISM(犹太教)
C=CATHOLICISM(天主教) B=BUDDHISM(佛教)
I=ISLAM(伊斯兰教) NR=NO REFERENCE(没有宗教信仰)
星座
水瓶座: AQUARIUS(1月21日 - 2月19日)
双鱼座: PISCES(2月20日 - 3月20日 )
白羊座: ARIES (3月21日 - 4月20日 )
金牛座: TAURUS(4月21日 - 5月21日)
双子座: GEMINI(5月22日 - 6月21日 )
巨蟹座: CANCER(6月22日 - 7月23日 )
狮子座: LEO(7月24日 - 8月23日)
处女座: VIRGO(8月24日 - 9月23日 )
天秤座: LIBRA (9月24日 - 10月23日 )
天蝎座: SCORPIUS(10月24日 - 11月22日 )
人马座: SAGITTARIUS(11月23日 - 12月21日 )
山羊座: CAPRICORNUS (12月22日 - 1月20日 )
1. 国际性或全美性:
UNESCO (United Nations Ecational, Scientific and Cultural organization)联合国教育科学文化组织(也叫国际文教组织)
例如: (The)UNESCO has made some contributions to the world.(UNESCO 对世界做出一些贡献)
NATO(North Atlantic Treaty organization)北大西洋公约组织。
例如:Could(the)NATO members stick to their commitments?(NATO 的成员能坚守承担义务吗?)
SALT(Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty)战略武器限制公约
例如:Should every nation join(the)SALT?(每个国家都要加入 SALT?)
NASA(National Aeronautics and Space Administration)美国航天太空总署
例句:The U.S. space programs depend on the performances of NASA.(美国的太空计画是靠NASA的表现而定。)
(注:以上缩写字也被人们当做一个字看待)
WHO(World Health organization)世界卫生组织
例句:Taiwan has been trying to become one of the WHO members.(台湾一直想办法成为WHO的成员之一)
FBI(Federal Bureau of Investigation)联邦调查局(负责美国境内)
CIA(Central Intelligence Agency)中央情报局(负责国外)
例句:Over the past years, Dr. and Mrs. Lee have worked for both FBI and CIA.(过去多年来李博士夫妇都为 FBI 和 CIA 工作)
FDA(Food and Drug Administration)美国食品药物管理局
例句:This new drug has to be approved by the FDA.(这新药要经 FDA 批准)
USDA(United States Department of Agriculture)美国农业部
例句:USDA supplies myriad of information on agriculture market.(有关农业市场,USDA 供应大量资料。)
IRS(Internal Revenue Service)美国税务局
例句:Employees working for IRS should be courteous toward tax payers.(IRS 员工对纳税人应该有礼貌)
NAACP(National Association for the Advancement of Color People)(全国黑人权益促进会,即黑人为了增进权益的最大机构)
例句:Many African-Americans join NAACP.(许多美国黑人参加 NAACP)
NIH(National Institute of Health)
例句:Mr. Wang has worked at NIH as a researcher.(王先生在 NIH 担任研究员)
AARP (American Association of Retired People.)(美国退休人员协会)
例句:At age 50, you are eligible to be a member of AARP.(如果你 50 岁就可以成为 AARP 的会员)
AAUP (American Association of University Professors) (美国大学教授协会)
例句:The AAUP has many branches at different colleges and universities in the U.S. (AAUP 在美国各大学有很多分会)
SCORE (Services Corps of Retired Executives)(退休主管服务队)(这是美国企业界主管退休后,免费担任顾问,协助年轻人创业的团体。)
(注意:corps 单复数一样,发音与 corpse 不同,要小心。)
(注:老外在机构名称缩写字前面,有时加冠词 the, a ,an,有时不加,不过在正式文件里,通常都加。)
2. 一般考试名称:
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test) 学术能力倾向测验 (就是美国为高中生想进大学而设的考试)
例句:The well-known universities accept new students based on SAT scores and well-rounded personalities. (名大学接受新生根据 SAT 成绩及各方面优良的品德)
GPA (Grade Point Average)(学业成绩总平均)
例句:His GPA always stands on the top of his class. (他的 GPA 都是全班第一)
GED (General Equivalent Diploma); 一般同等文凭(高中没有毕业的学生,如果参加 GED,及格后,就可取得高中毕业证书)
例句:If he passes GED test, he will earn a high school diploma.
AP (advanced placement) 在校高中生,如果选修 AP 课程,考试及格,将来进大学时,可不必再修。
例句:His son took some AP courses at high school.
GMAT (Graate Management Admission Test) 美国为攻读企管硕士 (MBA) 学生而设的入学考试
例句:In order to enter a MBA program, you need a high score on GMAT.
LSAT (Law School Admission Test) 美国为攻读法律学生而设的入学考试
例句:He did very well in his LSAT. (他的 LSAT 考得不错)
MCAT (Medical College Admission Test) 美国为进入医学院学生而设的考试
例句:Do you think he will do well in his MCAT?
GRE (Graate Record Exam) 这是美国大学研究所对一般研究生的入学考试
例句:Most American graate schools require GRE scores.(多半美国研究所需要 GRE 成绩)
TOEFL (Test of English as a Foreign Language) 外国学生想进美国大学的英语能力考试(即所谓:“托福”考试)
例句:Almost all Chinese college graates are required to take TOEFL if they come to the U.S. for advanced degrees. (几乎所有的中国大学毕业生都要参加 TOEFL,假如他们要到美国取得高学位的话。)
CLEP(College Level Exam Program) 任何人只要有学识专长,都可参加这种考试,一旦及格,就可取得大学的学分。
例句:As long as you pass CLEP, You may earn college credits.(只要你通过 CLEP,就能获得大学学分。)
(注:老外一般所谓“大学”只说 College,不说 University)
ESOL(English for Speakers of Other Languages) 这是美国为新来移民或外国学生所设的特别英语课程。也叫 ESL(English as a Second Language)
例句:Many American campuses offer ESOL courses for foreign students.(许多美国校园为外国学生开设 ESOL 课程)
3. 一般生活方面:
EOE (Equal Opportunity Employer) 这是美国各机构招考员工时向申请工作者表明自己是“平等机会雇主”。
例句:All African-Americans hope that their employments will be based on EOE.(所有美国黑人都希望他们的工作机会均等)
DOQ (Depending on Qualifications) 根据申请工作者的资历决定是否雇用。
例句:The DOQ policy is being used by our school in hiring new teachers. (聘请新教师时,本校采用 DOQ 政策。)
PR (Public Relation) 公共关系
例句:The college president wants to improve its PR with the community.(大学校长想与社区增进公共关系)
CEO (Chief Executive Officer) 最高行政执行长 (多半指企业界或公司领导人)
例句:The CEO of this company will resign because of poor health. (这公司的 CEO 因为身体不好而辞职)
CPA (Certified Public Accountant) 美国有执照的会计师
例句:Do you have a CPA to prepare your income tax?(你有 CPA 为你报税吗?)
COLA (Cost of Living Adjustment) 生活费用的调整(即加薪时是按生活指数而定)
例句:Our annual pay raise will be based on COLA.
STD (Sexually Transmitted Disease) = VD = Venereal Disease 性病(现在 STD 较常用)
例句:Many teen-agers face STD problems.(许多青少年面临 STD 问题)
SOA (Sexually oriented Advertisement) 有关性方面的广告
例句:Don\'t you feel we have too much SOA in the media?(你不认为在媒体上有太多的 SOA 吗?)
GOP (Grand Old Party) 美国共和党另一称呼 = Republican Party
例句:The GOP has nominated Mr. Bush as its Presidential candidate.(GOP 已提名 Bush 先生为总统候选人)
PMS (Pre-menstrual Syndrome) 这是女人在月经前不舒服或心情不好所常用的缩写字
例句:Don\'t bother her; she has PMS.
ADHD (Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder) 指青少年不能集中注意力,静不下来的一种病症。
例句:Tens of thousands of youngsters are suffering from ADHD in the U.S. (在美国成千上万的青少年有 ADHD 的毛病)
RSVP (Respondez sil vous plait) 这是法文,通常在请帖上使用的“敬请回音”= Please reply(或 respond)
例句:There is“RSVP”on the invitation card.
BYOB (bring your own bottle) 老外请客时,为了减少负担或个人爱好酒的品种,在请帖上注明“请自己带酒”。
例句:Whenever he invites guests, he asks “BYOB”。 (他只要请客,就要人家自己带酒。)
AIDS (Acquired Immune Deficiency Sydrome) 爱滋病
例句:AIDS has spread all over the world.
CPR (Cardiopulmonary resuscitation) 心脏病急救法
例句:Everyone should learn how to do CPR.
EKG (Electrocardiography) 心电图检查 (不是 ECG)
例句:Her physician asks her to have an EKG next week. (医生要她下周做 EKG)
IV (intravenous injection) 为病人注射的点滴
例句:In the hospital emergency room, I saw a patient with an IV on his arm. (在医院大的急诊病房里,我看见一个病人在打点滴)