‘壹’ 到2023年,美国公共电池储能站规模将增加两倍,减缓用电难
2019年7月13日
上图:公共电池储能电站将不能够持续发电,发电不稳定的与可再姿唯生资源(如风能和太阳能)所产生的电能储存起来,转换作为一种持续输电能给用户供电。是风能和太阳能集中地区的一种良好解决方案。
到2023年,美国电池储能站项目将使其公用事业的电池储能运行能力增加两倍,因此预计未来几年,美国公共电池储能滚早容量将大幅增长。
根据美国能源信息管理局的最新消息,到2023年,将有1623兆瓦的新公共电池存储容量电站投入使用,而目前的总容量为899兆瓦。到那时,公用事业规模的电池总容量预计将达到2.5千兆瓦左右,几乎是目前容量的三倍。
从2014年底(214兆瓦)到2019年3月(899兆瓦),公共储能电站的电池储能容量翻了两番以上,因此到2023年类似的增长不应令人惊讶。
因为可再生能源和电池成本都在下降——环境影响评估报告指出,“ 将公共电池储能电站与间歇性可再生资源(如风能和太阳能)相结合,可以触及偏远地方用电需求,与传统的发电方式竞争日益激烈”。 美国各州的优惠政策和联邦能源监管委员会的要求是电站建设上升的主要因素。
目前,美国两个最大的在运营公共电池存储电站都提供40兆瓦的电力容量,尽管一些更大的项目将在未来几年上线,包括佛罗里达州的海牛能源存储中心,该中心将于2021年开放使用。
虽然佛罗里达的409兆瓦/900兆瓦海牛中心将是美国和世界上最大的电池电站,但还有大量的后来者。例如,内华达州的双子座太阳能储能大册雀电站项目正在等待批准,而扩建531兆瓦/2125兆瓦的电池系统将是佛罗里达州的首要任务。
到目前为止,仅加利福尼亚、伊利诺伊和德克萨斯就占到了美国电池电站总安装量的近一半。
‘贰’ 1eb相当于多少个iPhone
6700多万。
据外国调查公司Nasumi最新发布的数据显示,现在已经有1EB(1073741824GB,相当于6700多万部iPhone手机的数据容量)的数据被储存在云端。简而言之,很多很多。另外,Nasumi还提交一张非常有意思的信息图--2013年云端储存状态。其中,超过75%储存在旦茄念云端的文件大小不超过10MB。
1EB数据大模困约是一部顶配iPhoneX手机存储能力的4百万倍(1EB相当于超过十亿GB,能够容纳相当于美国国会图书馆中所有的书面资料的十万倍信息量。)纳行。在数字资料的存储上,DNA存储技术与传统的存储方法相比有着许多不可比拟的优势。
‘叁’ 新基建这一年,产业链中最重要的是什么
2020年1月3日,国务院常务会议确定促进制造业稳增长的措施时,提出“大力发展先进制造业,出台信息网络等新型基础设施投资支持政策,推进智能、绿色制造”。
2020年3月4日,中共中央政治局常务委员会召开会议,强调“要加大公共卫生服务、应急物资保障领域投入,加快5G网络、数据中心等新型基础设施建设进度”。
在中央密集部署之下,市场开始热捧,新型基础设施建设(以下简称新基建)迎来风口。迄今为止,已经将近一年。
在这一年中,无论是信息基础设施还是融合基础设施、创新基础设施,新基建产业链条中最重要的一环就是: 存储 。
很显然,没有存储,无论是5G、云计算、数据中心还是大数据、人工智能,都将成为无本之末、无源之水。
事实上,自从世界进入信息时代、数字时代乃至当前的人工智能时代之后,存储一直就是最核心、最基础的支撑技术。
存储技术:“科幻”未来的必由之路
自从人类步入信息 社会 ,计算和存储就变的愈发重要起来,计算能力和存储能力的不断提升持续拓展着人类的脑力边界, 社会 生活不再局限于眼前的“苟且”,更多的“诗与远方”给予了人类无限的遐想。
大数据、人工智能、自动驾驶、虚拟现实、火星殖民等“天顶星 科技 ”逐步由科幻变成现实的过程,让生活在这个时代的人类无限的憧憬和兴奋。所有这些 科技 的实现,无一不是依托更强的算力、更大的存储。
“运算”+“存储”构成了人类“科幻”未来的必由之路。
而事实上,从过去到现在,存储一直是构成了信息技术发展的重要基石之一,各国以及各大公司,在存储领域的争斗从未停歇,甚至存储领域的能力直接影响到了相关国家信息技术发展的进程。
存储史:也是信息 科技 的争斗史
翻阅存储产业的 历史 ,是一个行业乃至国家信息产业兴衰起伏的发展史,从美国、日本、韩国,存储产业轮番发展与壮大,随之而来的是存储芯片技术的飞速进步,与国家信息产业的突飞猛进。
存储产业的发源地:美国
上世纪50年代,由美国政府牵头,军方作为主要采购商,大力发展存储等集成电路产业,美国一跃成为世界电子信息产业的霸主。蓝色巨人IBM、无冕之王Intel都在当时赚到了存储领域的第一桶金,从而逐渐发展壮大,独霸一方。
美国IBM公司生产的KeyPunch 031型打孔卡数据记录装置
其实,美国IBM公司最早就是靠生产打孔卡数据机起家。1932年,美国IBM公司发明了第一种被广泛使用的计算机存储器 — 磁鼓存储器,采用电磁感应原理进行数据记录。磁鼓非常笨重,像个两三米长的巨型滚筒,但磁鼓的存储容量也只有几K而已,售价极其昂贵。
1949年,一个叫王安的中国人,在哈佛大学发明了磁芯存储器,嗅觉敏锐的IBM公司闻风而来,邀请他担任技术顾问,并购买磁芯器件。到1956年,王安将磁芯存储器的专利权,以50万美元卖给IBM公司。磁芯存储器是继磁鼓之后,现代计算机存储器发展的第二个里程碑。直至1970年代初,世界90%以上的电脑,还在采用磁芯存储器。
Intel在成立之初,就制定了研制晶体管存储芯片的方向。1969年,Intel推出了64bit容量的静态随机存储器(SRAM)芯片C3101,1970年10月,推出了首款可以大规模生产的1K 动态随机存储器(DRAM)芯片C1103,使得每bit(比特)存储只要1美分,它标志着DRAM内存时代的到来。到1974年,Intel占据了全球83%的DRAM市场份额。
整个1970年代,存储的王者是美国的存储厂商,而到了1980年代,日本厂商的存储时代到了。
存储产业大发展:日本崛起
70年代,日本跟随着美国的发展路径,通过从美国购买核心技术,举国发展存储等电子信息产业,NEC、日立、富士通、尔必达、东芝等企业先后崛起,与美国企业德州仪器,莫斯泰克,美光等大杀一方。
为打破存储技术壁垒,在1976年,由日本通产省牵头,以日立(Hitachi)、三菱(Mitsubishi)、富士通(Fujitsu)、东芝(Toshiba)、NEC这五大公司作为骨干,联合多家日本研究所,组建“VLSI联合研发体”,攻坚超大规模集成电路DRAM的技术难关。
到了1980年,日本VLSI联合研发体宣告完成为期四年的“VLSI”项目,实现了多项研发的成果。各企业的技术整合,保证了DRAM量产良率高达80%,远超美国的50%,构成了压倒性的总体成本优势,从而一举奠定了当时日本在DRAM市场的霸主地位。
虽然在1980年,日本研制的DRAM产品,只占全球销量的30%,美国公司占到60%。但是到了1985年局势已经完全倒转。
日本的经济也随着半导体产业的繁荣开始腾飞。
由于日本廉价DRAM的大量倾销,美光被迫裁员,不得已只得向美国政府寻求帮助。而Intel,连续亏损数个季度,DRAM市场份额仅剩下1%。当时,Intel的年销售额为15亿美元,亏损总额却高达2.6亿美元,被迫关闭了7座工厂,并裁减员工。濒临死亡的Intel,被迫全面退出DRAM市场,转型发展CPU,并由此获得新生。日本电子企业、 汽车 企业的凶猛攻势,最终引爆了美日两国的经济战争。
渔翁得利后发制人:韩国半导体借存储产业腾飞
日美两国在存储芯片领域的竞争,快速拉高了对技术、资金的要求,两国的经济战争又给了韩国半导体产业发展的机会。
80年代,韩国产业联盟,四大财阀三星、现代、LG和大宇全力进攻存储产业。韩国政府全力配合,采取了金融自由化政策,松绑融资环境,让韩国各个财阀能够轻易调动资金,投入到存储产业竞争中。同样的套路,三星在起步初期从美国和日本购买技术,砸重金扶持自有技术和产业。
1992年三星完成全球第一个64M DRAM研发;1994年三星将研发成本提升至9亿美元,1996年三星完成全球第一个1GB DRAM(DDR2)研发。至此,韩国企业在存储芯片领域一直处于世界领跑者地位。
从1983年三星正式宣布进军存储器产业,到1992年末三星超越日本NEC,首次成为世界第一大DRAM内存制造商,三星走过了艰难的10年。
从此之后,三星在其后连续蝉联了近30年世界第一,韩国的经济也随之腾飞,实现了向高 科技 引导型经济的转型。韩国持续在存储芯片领域发力,长期保持着世界第一存储芯片生产大国的地位。目前全球三大存储器公司,韩国独占两席,最近甚至就连英特尔的3D NAND闪存业务也都卖给了韩国的SK。
新基建,发力存储正当时
时间来到21世纪,中国经历了近30年的改革开放,从一穷二白逐步迈入小康 社会 。新的经济发展需要新的产业动能驱动,产业升级的窗口期打开了,是中国出场的时候了。2014年,筹备许久的《国家集成电路产业发展推进纲要》和国家大基金先后落地,中国的存储产业得到了腾飞的助力,徐徐拉开大幕。
存储是未来新基建的“粮食”,5G基础设施和数据中心的建设,都离不开存储。在紫光集团等国内芯片巨头的带领下,中国的存储产业将迎来关键的发展阶段。
2016年6月13日,合肥长鑫由合肥产投牵头成立,主攻DRAM方向。
2016年7月26日,紫光集团联合多方成立长江存储,首个闪存生产线在武汉建设,一期投资240亿美元,一号厂房于2017年9月封顶。
2017年,紫光集团旗下长江存储研发成功32层三维闪存芯片,打破了存储芯片国产化零的突破;2019年64层闪存芯片宣布研发成功,
2018年4月11日,长江存储开始搬入机台设备,在当年4季度量产32层三维闪存,2019年9月,长江存储宣布其64层三维闪存启动量产。到了2020年4月,长江存储宣布全球首款128层 QLC三维闪存研发成功,实现了跨越式的发展,中国存储技术第一次跟上了世界主流存储技术步伐。。
在内存DRAM领域,合肥长鑫在2017年开始投资建设DRAM工厂,2019年底宣布DDR4 DRAM和LPDDR4 DRAM芯片研发成功。
长江存储 X2-6070 128L QLC 1.33Tb 3D NAND
合肥长鑫投资建设DRAM工厂
不过, 现有 垄断的存储市场并不欢迎新进的玩家,存储大厂三星,SK 海力士和美光垄断了全球90%以上的市场份额,全球存储大厂的产能规模是国内公司的几十倍,技术比国内公司领先好几代,国内公司在资金、规模和技术任何一项都不占优势,长途可谓漫漫。
然而,存储市场巨大,产值巨大,经济带动效用巨大。2019年,全球存储市场超过1000亿美金,国内存储市场超过500亿美金,单一月产能10万片的存储器制造工厂投资额就需要100亿美金,这也决定了存储产业 “配得上”国家新基建的这样的规模和力度。
在过去的几十年里,中国成为世界上最耀眼的“明星”,取得了举世无双的发展。当前,中国的铁路、公路和基础设施建设等传统的“基建”项目在经过几十年的高速发展后,已经屹立在“世界之巅”。
可以说,我们正从传统的不断缩小的“衣食住行等物质需求”向不断增大的“交流、沟通、计算和存储等信息需求”转变。
“传统基建”靠的是钢筋+水泥,“新基建”靠的是计算+存储。新基建,发力存储正当时。
在当前的市场环境下,在新旧动能切换的关键时期,发力存储产业正当时。
‘肆’ 美国科学家研制出迄今最小的存储设备,这设备有多小
美国科学家研制出迄今最小的存储设备,这设备横截面积仅1平方纳米,容量约为25兆比特每平方厘米,与目前的商用闪存设备相比,每层的存储密度提高了100倍。 虽然说存储设备变得很小,但是它的存储能力已经大大改变了,不能小看一个小小的设备,它的作用可是没有限量。
相关研究人员表示,最新研究有助于科学家研制出更快、更小、更智能、更节能的芯片,应用于从消费电子到类脑计算机等多个领域。
这项研究获得的结果为下一代应用超高密度存储、神经形态计算系统、射频通信系统等铺平了道路。 尽管最新研究使用二硫化钼作为主要纳米材料,该发现可能适用于数百种相关的原子厚度的纤薄材料。对于科技领域,又是人类在历史进程中的一大创造,希望将来能够有更多的发现与创造来丰富我们的日常生活!
‘伍’ 如何选择合适的美国服务器,美国服务器租用哪家比较好,求推荐
raksmart还不错的,机房位于美国加利福尼亚坦握圣何塞市,是距离中国大陆最近的美国机房,直通HE线路,国清信念内答困访问速度非常快。具体详情你可以看一下raksmart服务器评测。
‘陆’ 全球超级计算机真有极大数据存储容量吗
是的,全球超级计算机真有极大数据存储容量。从1964年开始,美国控制数据公司一直在快速发展国际超级计算机技术,因为全球第一大双机械ZHIDC 6600年以来对科学研究和工程计算的需求。其峰值性能从30多年前的1亿次增加到每30秒40兆次(即日本电气公司的地球模拟器系统),每10年提高3位数。在国际超级计算机行业中,从系统性能、技术方向、制造技术、应用领域来看,还拥有500强名单,反映了世界上实际的超级计算机的最新发展。通过分析2002年11月16日发售的第20届世界500强计算机名单,可以看到世界超级计算机现在的发展。
‘柒’ 美国服务器有着怎样的优势为什么大多数人更愿意购买美国服务器
互联网起源于美国,可以说美国是国际互联网的枢纽部分,相当于一棵树的树干部分,全球13台根域名服务器也都放在美国。相对来说,美国自由度较高,法制也相对更加健全,运营商环境良好,美国各大机房运营经验丰富,能使服务器证保稳定,以及在全球范围内均可实现高速访问。综合分析,美国服务器具备以下优势:
综上,如果你需要开拓海外业务的话,建议你选择美国服务器;如果你有特殊的需求的话,比如做网游代理这类的,那么请选择美国服务器。
‘捌’ 美国废铁存储现况
美国废铁存储现况?竖让隐回答是:美国废滑弊铁余厅存储现况?美国废铁存储现况是每年回收废铁达亿吨,回收率达85%以上。
‘玖’ 拜托帮忙翻译一下这篇文章 内容是全球变暖 与美国
The automobile will rece the row of 2.007513 million present climate to change warmly already becomes a global topic, the various countries also starts to take the concrete measure, yesterday, American President Bush announced, will formulate the new automobile energy conservation standard, will rece the automobile energy consumption and the exhaust discharges. Bush said that, he had same day instructed Department of Energy, Ministry of Agriculture and the environmental protection bureau carry on the cooperation, formulates the new automobile energy conservation standard. US'S automobile by the great displacement, the high oil consumption is famous, but the automobile energy conservation standard which formulates according to the present US government, the passenger vehicle energy consumption must achieve each gallon goes 27.5 miles, is equal to hundred kilometers fuel consumption must below 8.54 litres. According to White House's plan, the new sign brigadier general puts into practice in 2008 ago. Cooperates US with China famously to surround the organization "the natural resource protection committee" president Francis? 拜内克 woman It is reported, 拜内克 the organization recently will help China to conserve energy and the development clean energy lists as one of next ten years six key work, diligently will collect the more funds development cooperation project. This she leads several natural resources protection committee council member to visit China, is for the entrepreneur, the philanthropist which let these care environmental protections understood by oneself China obtains the result and faces the challenge, strives for their more supports. The natural resource protection committee passed for several years already positively to develop many clean energys cooperation project in China, including the construction energy conservation, the illumination energy conservation, the electric power demand side management and so on, has obtained the effect which the reced carbon dioxide discharged. This organization's Chinese project director the banana plant banana plant pulls? Ms. Fei Wen Li introces that, they once assisted Chongqing to formulate the Chinese first civil construction energy conservation standard, this standard afterwards became assigns two item of local civil construction energy consumption standard and an item of national standard important reference. The natural resource protection committee experts also once a commercial construction illumination energy consumption standard which recently issued for China provide the technical consultation. Only this illumination energy consumption standard implements in the entire China may every year rece 6 million tons carbon dioxide discharging. Coordinates the management by the natural resource protection committee the Chinese and American cooperation green construction pedagogical engineering project to finish in 2005, becomes Chinese first to obtain the international green construction gold medal authentication the public building, has eagerly anticipated the Chinese green construction tidal current. Evaluates after testing according to the reality, this construction may save the electrical energy 901,000 watthours, save water every year 10,000 tons, reces CO2 to discharge 1,700 tons. Ms. Fei Wen Li also introced: "We also with Jiangsu Province 经贸委 cooperation impetus electric power demand management. This is one kind lowly invests, the effect good energy conservation strategy, last year the Jiangsu Province leading nation, set up has been equal to 25 million US dollars special funds, funded the energy conservation technology the promoted application. The short year, this electric power demand side management measure already reced has been equal to 150,000 kilowatts electricity generations installing equipment demand. The natural resource protection committee once or with the Chinese central committee and provincial level many governments and the development facility cooperation, for example the construction department, the science and technology department, sent changes the committee, the environmental protection bureau, the academy of science, Qinghua University, the Jiangsu sound, Shanghai's some departments. The technical carbon dioxide underground storage question in October, 2007 17 American environmental protection bureau last week indicated that, will set up the standard to supervise and manage the carbon dioxide underground memory question which the thermoelectric power station and other instry facilities will discharge. Saves underground to the carbon dioxide is a new technology, at present has not carried on the commercial movement, but this is slows down the whole world to change warmly, prevented the climatic change creates one of disaster important methods. Reuter - the American environmental protection bureau mentioned in its statement, it in next year summer time promotes the corresponding laws and regulations "guarantees in" Security Water Law "under the frame to set up a set constantly, the effective permission standard system, collects the project establishment standard for the commercial scale geological carbon." Burns the carbon dioxide which the bunker coal and the fossil fuel thermoelectric power station discharges to be able to catch and to bury saves. The American 1/3 carbon dioxide discharges originates from the power plant and other instry sources. According to The United States Department of Energy's research, US and Canada have the enough memory property the carbon dioxide gas which discharges the power plant to save in the in-depth earth's crust 900 years, but this expenditure still not clear. Last week, Department of Energy announced three large-scale carbon 汇项 item fund. These projects amount to the expenditure approximately are 318 million US dollars, Department of Energy plan in ten years invest 197 million US dollars for these projects. Department of Energy stated that, these projects will attempt 1 million tons even large-scale carbon dioxide gas save in the in-depth earth's crust are partial 这是从另一个网站翻译的
Vehicle emission rection
2007 5 13
The current climate warming has become a global issue, each country is beginning to take concrete measures, yesterday, President Bush announced that it will develop a new energy-saving vehicle standards, rece energy consumption and vehicle exhaust emissions.
Bush said that he has instructed the Department of Energy the same day, the Ministry of Agriculture and the Environmental Protection Agency to cooperate in the development of new energy-saving standards vehicle. U.S. vehicle to larger displacement, high fuel consumption of the year, According to the current United States government has established automotive energy conservation standards, energy consumption to achieve cars per gallon on 27.5 miles, or 100 km fuel consumption must 8.54 liters following. According to the White House plan, the new standards will be 2008 before implementation.
Cooperation with China
The well-known American embracing organizations, "the Natural Resources Defense Council," president Francis? Ms. Beinecke
It is understood that the Beinecke agencies recently to help China develop energy-saving and clean energy as next decade one of the six key tasks will be to raise additional funds for cooperation projects. She led the Commission for the Conservation of Natural Resources dozen members of the Governing Council's visit to China is concerned about environmental protection in order to allow these entrepreneurs, philanthropists see for themselves the achievements China and the challenges facing, the more secure their support.
Natural Resources Defense Council in the past few years China has actively carried out a number of clean energy cooperation projects, including building energy saving, energy-saving lighting, DSM, has been made to rece carbon dioxide emissions results. The organization's China Project Director Barbara? Wen Lai, introced fees that they have helped develop China's Chongqing Municipality a civil buildings energy-efficient standards, the standards later become the designated two regional civil buildings energy consumption standards and a national standard reference. Natural Resources Protection Committee of the Chinese experts have recently released a commercial building lighting energy consumption standards provide technical advice. This alone lighting energy consumption standards in the whole of China each year can be implemented to rece 6 million tons of carbon dioxide emissions.
Coordinated by the Commission for the Conservation of natural resources management Normal Sino-US cooperation green building projects in 2005 completed and became China's first international Green Building gold certified public buildings, leading the Chinese green building trend. According to the actual appraisal, the building can be saved every year power 900,000 kwh, water-saving 1 million tons, recing CO2 emissions 1,700 tons.
Fees Wen-li President also said: "We are also in Jiangsu Province Economic and Trade Commission, and promote cooperation electricity demand management. This is a low-input, energy-saving effect of a good strategy, Jiangsu Province last year, leading the country, setting up the equivalent of 25 million US dollars in special fund to provide financial assistance to promote the use of energy-saving technology. Just one year this DSM measures have reced the equivalent of 150,000 kilowatts installed power capacity needs.
Natural Resources Defense Council have been or are working with a number of China's central and provincial government and research institutions, such as the Ministry of Construction, Ministry of Science and Technology, the State Development and Reform Commission, Environmental Protection Agency, National Academy of Sciences, Tsinghua University, Jiangsu sound, a number of departments of Shanghai.
Underground storage of carbon dioxide technology issues
In October 2007 17
The United States Environmental Protection Agency said last week that regulatory standards will be set up thermal power plants and other instrial facilities carbon dioxide emissions from underground storage problems.
The underground carbon dioxide storage is a new technology at present there is no commercial operation, but it is slow down global warming, and prevent the disaster caused by climate change one of the important means. According to a Reuters report, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, in its statement that it will launch next summer when the corresponding laws and regulations "to ensure" safe water "from the establishment of the framework of a constant and effective system of licensing standards for commercial-scale geological carbon sinks projects established standards."
The burning of coal and fossil fuel power plant emissions of carbon dioxide can be captured and buried depositors. The United States one-third of the carbon dioxide emissions from power plants and other instrial sources. According to the United States Department of Energy study, the United States and Canada have sufficient storage capacity power plant emissions of carbon dioxide gas in the deep crust storage 900 years, but the cost is unclear. Last week, the Department of Energy announced that three large-scale carbon sink project funds. Total cost of these projects is about 318 million US dollars, the Department of Energy plans within a decade for these projects invested 197 million US dollars. The Department of Energy said the project will try to 1 million tons or even large-scale carbon dioxide gas stored in the deeper parts of the crust